重庆高教研究

“象牙塔尖的生存困境”是博士生教育发展亟待回应的现实问题。基于Nature全球研究生调查中的博士生数据，对博士生工作时间投入与焦虑问题进行深度剖析。研究发现，全球博士生每周工作时间普遍超过40小时，虽多数未过劳，但超过一半存在焦虑问题；中国和印度博士生过劳及焦虑的占比较高，中国大部分博士生处于极度疲劳状态，焦虑问题未得到有效解决。从类型学视角考察，共存在“过劳又郁”型、“劳而不郁”型、“非劳但郁”型、“非劳非郁”型4种类型的博士生；全球博士生以“劳而不郁”型为主；德国、英国和法国博士生以“非劳非郁”型为主，美国博士生以“劳而不郁”型为主，中国和印度博士生以“过劳又郁”型为主；中国博士生极端分化现象明显，“过劳又郁”型占比在各国中最高，而“非劳非郁”型占比在各国中最低。工作时间投入不会直接导致焦虑；工作生活平衡感知、关系支持、情感支持可以预防焦虑；对非过劳博士生而言，学术志趣可以防止焦虑，但职业支持会造成焦虑；对过劳博士生而言，能力水平会造成焦虑。基于焦虑图谱分析，博士生焦虑并非个体抗压能力不足所致，更多的是学术劳动力市场结构性失衡、学术职业保障缺失和社会经济压力共同作用的结果。应优化博士生培养机制，减轻制度性压力；建设心理健康支持体系，强化导师责任担当；优化学位点布局与结构，拓宽博士生职业出路。

“The survival dilemma of the ivory spire” is a realistic issue that urgently needs to be responded to in the development of doctoral education. Based on the data of doctoral students in the Nature's global graduate student survey, an in-depth analysis was conducted on the problems of doctoral students' working time investment and anxiety. The study shows that doctoral students worldwide generally work more than 40 hours per week. Although most of them are not overworked, more than half of them have anxiety problems. The proportion of overwork and anxiety among doctoral students in China and India is relatively high. Most doctoral students in China are in an extremely fatigued state, and the problem of anxiety has not received effective assistance. From the perspective of typology, there are four types of doctoral students: “overworked and depressed” type, “overworked but not depressed” type, “not overworked but depressed” type, and “neither overworked nor depressed” type. The majority of doctoral students worldwide are of the “overworked but not depressed” type. Doctoral students in Germany, the United Kingdom and France are mainly of the “neither overworked nor depressed” type, those in the United States are mainly of the “overworked but not depressed” type, and those in China and India are mainly of the “overworked and depressed” type. The phenomenon of extreme differentiation among Chinese doctoral students is obvious. The proportion of the “overworked and depressed” type is the highest among all countries, while the proportion of the “neither overworked nor depressed” type is the lowest among all countries. Working time investment does not directly lead to anxiety. Perception of work-life balance, relationship support and emotional support can prevent anxiety. For non-overworked doctoral students, academic interests can prevent anxiety, but career support can lead to anxiety. For overworked doctoral students, ability levels can lead to anxiety. Based on the anxiety spectrum analysis, the anxiety of doctoral students is not caused by insufficient individual stress resistance ability. Instead, it is more the result of the combined effect of structural imbalance in the academic labor market, the lack of academic career security, and social and economic pressure. The cultivation mechanism for doctoral students should be optimized to alleviate institutional pressures. A mental health support system should be established, with supervisors taking greater responsibility. The layout and structure of degree programs should be improved to broaden career prospects for doctoral students.